Fivet Animal Health

Horses

Care of Your Horse

General

Grooming

Grooming of the horses coat and mane and tail keeps it free of dirt and matting, which could become a site for parasite infestation and skin disease, or cause chaffing when the horse is tacked up and ridden. It allows the owner to check the general health and condition of the horse and also develops the trust and affection essential between horse and rider. Horses ridden regularly should be groomed daily before being ridden and brushed after riding, after the sweat has dried. Horses that are not being ridden or working should be groomed at least weekly.

Hooves

Hooves should be checked before and after each ride, or at least once a week (daily is ideal) for hoof disease or injury and to ensure that shoes are fitting properly. A hoof pick should be used to remove stones, mud, dirt and dead horn constituents. As horses hooves continue to grow they need to be checked by a qualified farrier every 4-6 weeks.

Teeth

Horses’ teeth grow throughout life, but once worn away or broken the horse is no longer able to eat properly, and in the wild would die. Commercial horse rations help to maintain tooth health, but teeth should be checked annually by your veterinarian, who may have to rasp sharp edges.

Exercise and Companionship

It is essential that horses are exercised and stimulated. They are social animals, enjoying the company of humans or other horses, and may form attachments with a cat or dog if there is no other companionship.

Nutrition

Horses are natural grazers and a large portion of their daily diet is made up of forage such as grazing or hay, of which they will consume 1 – 2% of their body weight daily. They will spend 16 – 18 hours a day eating and require small and frequent meals of concentrate feed. The type and amount of concentrate or grain fed will depend on factors such as age, pregnancy, body condition and work or exercise that the horse is required to do. Improper feeding such as over-feeding, spoilt food or a sudden change in diet can lead to complications such as colic or laminitis. Overfeeding young horses can result in growth disorders or osteochondrosis – a defect in the formation of cartilage. Ideally a horse should have access to pasture (1-3 acres/horse) with good pole fencing (NEVER barbed wire) which has been cleared of all potentially poisonous plants (eg lantana), debris and rubbish and checked for holes or large stones. Good quality roughage is vital in a horse’s diet. It should be available at all times. Water Horses will drink between 40 – 50 litres of water a day, more if exercising and must have constant access to clean fresh water. Bedding Horses should not be required to stand on very hard surfaces for extended periods of time, so the stable must be bedded with clean straw or dust-free wood shavings. These should be ‘mucked out’ at least once a day and all manure removed and disposed of by composting or burning. This helps to control internal parasites and flies by breaking the life cycle. Shelter Horses on pasture require shelter from wind, rain and sun. If natural shelter such as trees are not available a three sided shelter can be constructed. Horse blankets should be used in very cold weather, particularly for animals that are sick or very old.

Parasites

Although horses do pick up ticks, these should be quickly seen during regularly grooming and removed by hand or with tweezers. Some acaricides are registered for use on horses but read warning labels carefully.
NEVER USE AMITRAZ-BASED ACARICIDES ON HORSES.
EKTOBAN (cypermethrin) will kill ticks on horse and also help control flies and lice.
SUPADIP (Chlorfenvinphos) is also suitable for tick control. It is essential to control flies around the stable and the yard, particularly the bot fly. (See Fly Control)

Internal parasites such as strongyles (large and small), ascarids, pinworm and tapeworm can effect the health of your horse and a regular deworming programme with an approved anthelmintic such as DECTOMAX INJECTABLE is essential (See Endoparasites of Horses)

Vaccinations

All horses must be vaccinated for horse-sickness, tetanus and rabies. Depending on whether your horse will be traveling and racing or competing, there are other vaccinations required eg South Africa requires Equine Flu vaccination. Consult your veterinarian.

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Horses

Colic in Horses

Colic is a serious condition in horses occurring mainly in stabled horses with scarce grazing. It is the most common cause of death in horses. Colic is not a single disease; it is used to describe any disease of the abdominal organs accompanied by severe pain.

Colic can be caused by any one of a number of conditions. Sometimes one condition will lead to another, e.g. obstruction causing bloat.

•    Over-eating, particularly of concentrate feed.
•    Fermentation of feed in the stomach, for whatever reason, with the resulting production of excess gas.
•    Inflammation of the digestive tract, especially the small intestine. This is usually accompanied by purging. This may be caused by internal parasites. (See Endoparasites of horses)
•    Obstruction in the digestive tract, usually the large intestine and often caused by sand eaten while grazing.
•    Twist in the intestine.
•    Bloat of the intestine (usually after an obstruction)
•    Disease of liver, kidneys or urethras.
•    Drinking extremely cold water, especially after working hard.
•    Horses that eat their bedding are often affected.

SYMPTOMS

•    Restlessness
•    Head back, looking at hind-quarters
•    Kicking at the belly
•    Stamping of the fore-legs
•    Teeth grinding
•    Pulse rate rises
•    Shivering
•    Lying down and rolling
•    Lying on the back with the legs in the air
•    Attempting to urinate unsuccessfully, with a wide-legged stance.
•    When the colic becomes severe – the horse will go down, throw its head around and may injure itself without appearing to feel the pain of the injury. It will break into a cold sweat and the mucous membranes of the eye and mouth will turn a dirty dark purple. At this stage the horse is very close to death. The colour of the mucous membranes is a good indicator of the severity of the condition. If they are still a clean-looking dark pink or red colour, it is not too severe. Once they turn dark red or purple, the situation is very serious. If the colic is caused by over-eating or an obstruction the symptoms are usually not so severe. The animal is uncomfortable and listless, lying down and getting up frequently. If the colic is caused by bloat the colic is severe. The animal is restless, walking, rolling and showing signs of extreme pain.

TREATMENT

Colic is a very serious, potentially fatal condition with severe pain and really needs the expertise of a veterinarian to deal with it. If the vet is not available or while waiting, there are some things the horse owner can do.
•    Remove any feed from your horse’s stall
•    If your horse is lying down and quiet it’s OK to leave them there
•    If they are repeatedly getting up and down, quietly walk your horse around until your veterinarian gets there
•    The vet will probably use an injectable narcotic to ease the severe pain.
•    Purgatives such as liquid paraffin or raw linseed oil to encourage purging may be given. If the horse is bloated – turpentine or liquid phenol may be added. This is best given by stomach tube.
•    The vet may give a purgative injection, but not in cases where the colic is caused by over-eating or inflammation of intestines.
•    If the horse is constipated, manual removal of faeces and enema will relieve constipation.
•    If colic is caused by twisting of intestines, or if the intestine has burst from bloat, there is no remedy.

Ref: Handbook of Stock Diseases; Monnig and Veldman http://horse-rehab.com/the-signs-of-colic-in-horses/

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Horses

Correct Methods of Drenching and Stomach Tubing Horses

Drenching – giving a medicine or liquid preparation by mouth into the stomach of an animal.Most worm remedies (anthelmintics) are administered by drenching (dosing), as are preparations such as bloat treatments, treatment for diarhhoea and constipation and other medicines. Incorrect drenching can cause inhalation pneumonia, which is difficult to treat and can prove fatal. It is essential that the owner always follows manufacturers’ directions when administering any treatment by mouth. Always use the correct dose for the age and size of the horse. If a horse is weak or undernourished smaller doses should be used. Some horses will tolerate being drenched with a syringe and if so this method should be used. (See opposite.) This is a suitable method of giving oral medication and worm remedies. The syringe is pushed up against the side of the horse’s mouth, avoiding the teeth and the plunger slowly depressed to allow the liquid into the mouth. Many horses will not allow drenching with a syringe or bottle and in these cases a stomach tube will have to be used. This is a skilled procedure requiring expertise and should never be undertaken by inexperienced personnel. Usually the procedure will be done by a veterinarian. The stomach tube is a 3m long stiff, smooth tube with a 10-20cm outside diameter. The front end is rounded and a funnel is inserted for poring liquids at the back end. The tube is softer and more flexible than that used for cattle. Unlike with cattle, in horses the tube in inserted through the nasal cavity. Method The nostril (usually the left) is cleaned and a twitch applied to the upper lip. The point of the tube is inserted into the nostril. With the right forefinger and thumb the tube is held down on the floor of the nasal passage, while gently pushing the tube in with the right hand. The tube will travel through the nasal cavity for about 25cm before reaching the larynx and oesophagus. When the tube reaches the larynx the horse will swallow. By gently pushing the tube at exactly the same moment as swallowing it will pass through the pharynx into the oesphagus, another 7-100mm. If the horse does not make the reflex swallowing motion when the tube touches the larynx, it should be gently moved up and down against the larynx until the horse swallows. When the tube is pushed in it can be seen on the left side of the neck moving down the gullet in the groove just above the windpipe. If the horse coughs or chokes, or if the tube moves easily with no obstruction, it may have entered the windpipe by mistake. The tube should be gently withdrawn into the mouth and the procedure started again. Once the tube has reached the stomach, the end should be raised to a level above the horse’s throat and the liquid poured into the funnel. When all the liquid has drained into the stomach, the funnel end should be lowered to below the horse’s throat and the tube slowly withdrawn. There may be some bleeding from the nostril but this should be minimal and transitory and stop soon after the tube is removed. REF: Handbook of Stock Diseases; Monnig and Veldman www.equidblog.com

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Horses

Endoparasites of Horses

All horses carry a worm burden many of which cause no damage to the host. However it is essential to control these internal parasites, as severe infestation can result in poor growth, unthriftiness and in extreme cases can prove fatal.

Ascarids Parascaris equarum

The horse swallows ascarid eggs, which hatch into larvae in the intestine. The larvae penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate to the liver and lungs. Their presence in the liver causes the animal to cough, expelling the larvae into the mouth, when they are reswallowed. On this second arrival in the intestine, the larvae mature into adults which can reach a length of 35cm. Foals are usually most affected. The symptoms include poor growth, potbelly, coughing. In extreme cases there may be diarrhoea, lung and liver damage, pneumonia, intestinal blockages and death.

Strongyles Strongylus sp. Redworm or bloodworm

The so-called large strongyles cause the most damage. Adults mate and lay eggs in the large intestine. The eggs are passed out in the faeces and hatch into infective, well-protected larvae in the grass or in the stable. The horse swallows the larvae in food or water. They burrow through various parts of the body, including the arteries of the intestine and the liver, before returning to the large intestine to mature into adults and reproduce.

Small strongyles have a similar life cycle, but cause less damage as they do not migrate through the organs of the body. They are the most common worm found in horses and only cause a problem when infestation is massive.

Symptoms of strongyles infestation can include diarrhoea, colic, decreased food efficiency and performance. There may be organ damage and intestinal blockages in extreme cases.

Pinworm Oxyuris Equi

These small worms do not cause damage of the intestinal tract. The female crawls out of the anus of the horse and lays her eggs in a sticky substance under the horse’s tail. It is this substance which causes extreme irritation to the horse. The animals may rub their tails and hindquarters until an open wound is caused.

Bots

Bots are not true helminths, but the larvae of the bot fly. The female fly lays her eggs on the coat of the horse. These eggs are ingested by the horse licking or nosing the site. The larvae hatch in the tongue, migrate down the oesophagus to the stomach where they mature. The maturing larvae attach to the lining of the stomach or small intestine causing erosion and ulcerations at the site of attachment. They develop for 10 – 12 months before being passed out in the faeces. The adult fly emerges after 1 – 2 months and the cycle begins again.

Tapeworm Anoplocephalidae

The intermediate host of the horse tapeworm is a small mite that lives in damp grass and is swallowed by the horse while grazing. The eggs hatch in the intestine of the horse and develop into the adult tapeworm. The tapeworm consists of a number of ‘segments’ each containing male and female reproductive organs, where the eggs are formed. As these egg-bearing segments mature, they become detached from the tapeworm and are passed out through the faeces which are then swallowed by the mites, continuing the cycle.

Horse tapeworms are not common and are difficult to detect as the eggs are not found in faeces samples. Symptoms include unthriftiness, rough coat, lethargy and loss of appetite.

Prevention and Control

• Remove manure regularly (at least once daily) from stables and dispose of it by composting or burning.

• Keeping yards clean, removing manure and litter.

• Routinely discing or harrowing in manure on pastures and paddocks

• Leaving paddocks empty for a period or rotating with ruminants, which have different parasites.

• Control of flies to prevent infestation by bots.

• Prevent horses from grazing wet grass where the mite carrying tapeworm eggs lives.

• Routine testing of dung samples to establish worm load and then judicious dosing with an approved anthelmintic.

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Horses

Fly Control

he main nuisance flies in Zimbabwe are the common house fly (Musca domestica) and the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans).These constitute a major source of economic loss to livestock breeders for two reasons:

1. They cause loss of production in terms of milk and meat because of the stress placed on animals under attack and

2. More importantly, they transmit disease from infected to sick animals e.g. opthalmia, mastitis, parafilariasis.

Any fly control program must take place early in the breeding season i.e. as the weather starts to warm up, after the first shower and before the first major rains. If started too late, the fly population will be so high that it may be impossible to control it. To be successful, a fly control program must target all stages of the fly life cycle at the same time and must rely on management and biological methods as well as insecticides.

Flies lay their eggs on rotting vegetable matter, manure, refuse etc. They need a damp, (but not too wet) and warm environment. The first control method is to remove potential breeding sites. Animal housing such as calf pens, poultry houses, piggeries, stables etc should be kept clean and hygienic. Particular attention should be paid to areas such as drains. Manure must be collected and treated in one of several ways. Composting the manure in heaps causes the manure to heat up to such an extent that the eggs and maggots cannot survive. The surface of the compost will have to be covered or treated with a product such as Neproex 50. Drying the manure removes the moisture necessary for development of the maggot and is also a friendly environment for predators of the eggs and maggots. A third option is to wet the manure excessively e.g. dairy slurry pits, where the environment is too wet to allow successful breeding by the flies.

Flies rest on buildings, walls, ceilings and these areas should be sprayed to run off with a recognised insecticide, such as Agita 10WG, following the manufacturer’s instructions.

The third area to attack flies is on the animals while they are feeding. Synthetic pyrethroids such as Deltatick Pouron, Ektoban, Paracide, Pouricide NF and Sentinel 15 will kill flies landing on the animal.

There are also many types of fly traps on the market, or it is possible to make them oneself. However, fly traps on their own, without any of the abovementioned control methods will have little chance of controlling the fly population.

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Horses

Post-Mortem Techniques in Livestock

Post mortem (PM) is the procedure carried out after death to determine the cause of death. It is a specialised procedure, requiring a good knowledge of animal anatomy. The operator needs to know what normal healthy tissue looks like and this cannot be learnt from books, only from experience. The farmer should attend post mortems conducted by the vet and look at healthy tissue at abattoirs etc.

Before beginning the PM it is important to make note of place, date, owner’s name, species, number of animals affected, number of deaths, breed, sex, age, brand or tag number, hours since death and the history. The post mortem should take place as soon after death as possible. Ideally a second person should take notes as the PM progresses.

Equipment required

Rubber boots, protective clothing, rubber apron or lab coat, rubber gloves.
Knives – large and small, with sharpening steel.
Scissors (various sizes) and saws; bone cutters
A number of sterile, open-mouthed screw top jars of different sizes for specimen collection
Formalin (40% formaldehyde)
Sterile swabs in test tubes
Alcohol cleaned slides for smears, preferably in a rack or box
Spatula
Plastic bags for specimens
Petri dishes
Labels
Soap, water, disinfectant and towel.

All samples e.g. smears, slides, tissue sections, should be labeled and stored as they are taken.

Procedure

Carefully note external abnormalities. Check orifices, genitals and mammary glands. Make note of any injuries, wounds, parasites.
Unless you suspect anthrax or rabies lay back the skin
Remove the udder in females and the genitals in males. Cut away the front leg by incision under the shoulder blade. Open the abdominal cavity by incision from sternum to pubes.
Check and note whether there is peritoneal fluid in the cavity. Make note of amount and colour. Check absence or presence of fat and intestinal gas.
Open the thoracic cavity along the diaphragm. Cut through the sternum at the centre point and saw through the upper ribs. Note whether there is fluid in the thoracic cavity and pericardial sack.
Remove the 4 parts of the stomach in ruminants, or the stomach in non-ruminants and the spleen by cutting the oesphagus and small intestine. Before cutting, tie off the gullet and small intestine in 2 places and cut between them. This prevents gut contents from spilling into the area. Remove the rest of the alimentary canal, tying off at the rectum.
Examine the liver in position. Make note of size, colour, shape, presence of cysts, texture etc. Note gall bladder and contents. Remove the liver and take tissue section for laboratory analysis.
Remove and examine the kidneys. Note the amount of fat, size, consistency and colour.
Examine the bladder and note amount and colour of urine.
Remove the thoracic organs. The heart is removed by cutting through the large blood vessels suspending it. The lungs are removed by cutting the trachea. The heart sack is now cut open and any abnormalities noted. The lungs are examined for elasticity, colour, and texture, presence of froth or solidification.
All other organs – tongue, pharynx, larynx, and oesophagus are removed and examined. Tissue sections may be taken for lab analysis.
The head is sawed open and the brain and cavities of the head examined.
Lymph nodes are examined throughout and abnormalities noted.
The organs receiving the most attention will be those related to the disease symptoms of the animal or the disease suspected.

BEWARE !!! If you have any reason to suspect anthrax or rabies as the cause of death, or in the cases of unexplained sudden death, the carcass must never be opened. If anthrax is suspected, a blood slide taken from a cut on the ear is sent to the labs for confirmation. If rabies is suspected – the head should be removed intact and sent to the lab in a sealed container. For small animals the whole carcass can be sent.

In both cases, protective clothing, including boots, gloves, face mask and goggles must be worn. The carcasses should be burned or deep buried under stones with quick-lime.

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Horses

Zoonoses of Animals and Man

A zoonosis is a disease or infection naturally transmissible between vertebrate animals, including man. There are over 700 zoonoses worldwide, of which 150+ are viral or bacterial. It is estimated that 10% of mankind will suffer from a zoonosis at some time in their lives.

Zoonoses can be bacterial, viral, protozoal, fungal or caused by worms or insects. This paper deals only with some important zoonoses that may affect livestock farmers in Zimbabwe.

Ref: Zoonoses Animal Diseases and Man. LW van der Heever and JH du Preez

Download:

Zoonoses of Animals and Man.pdf

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Sheep & Goats

Bloat in Cattle and Sheep

Also known as TYMPANY this condition occurs in cattle and sheep, but is more common in cattle. When animals digest food, gas is produced in the rumen. This is normal and the cow gets rid of the gas by frequent belching, made possible by rumen contractions. If the gas builds up faster than the cow can get rid of it, the rumen swells up, may become paralysed and presses up against the lungs, causing eventual death by suffocation. The cause of this sudden gas build up is usually excessive starch and often seen when animals are grazed on young green fast growing lucerne or clover. If the bubbles of gas are large and sit above the food, the bloat is normally fairly easy to treat. However, if the surface tension of the gas bubbles is low, the bubbles are small and mix up with the food. This is the condition known as “frothy bloat” and is much more difficult to treat.

SYMPTOMS

•    Distress
•    Visible swelling of the rumen
•    Bloat can be a secondary symptom of another condition eg a physical obstruction in the oesphagus, or extremely swollen lymph glands eg with tuberculosis.

TREATMENT

In mild cases, walking the animal for 30 minutes will often encourage the belching reflex and the animal will release the gas build up.

If there is no response in 30 mins the animal should be drenched with a treatment designed for relief of bloat (BLOATGUARD DRENCH) or with liquid turpentine.

If this is not effective and as a last resort, the rumen has to be pierced with a trochar and canula and the gas released. The trochar is inserted into the left side of the animal, in the centre of the rumen, a space equidistant to the last rib, the hip and the vertebrae of the spine. Drench can be inserted into the rumen through the trochar to increase surface tension and help the gas bubbles to burst. Relief should be rapid.

PREVENTION

•    Feeding roughage such as dry hay before turning animals onto new young grazing
•    Feeding starchy foods eg concentrates at least 2 hours before turning animals onto Lucerne or clover
•    Lucerne should be cut and wilted for 24 hours rather than allowing animals to graze.

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Sheep & Goats

Blue Tongue in Sheep

There are many strains of the virus causing blue tongue and immunity against one strain will not necessarily protect the animal against another. Lambs can get passive immunity suckling from an immune ewe. For this reason lambs of vaccinated ewes should not be vaccinated until they are weaned. The virus may persist in meat and offal for long periods and is resistant to many chemicals. It can be killed by a 3% sodium hydroxide solution. African sheep are less susceptible than British and Merino breeds and yearlings are more susceptible than lambs or adults. The virus is transmitted via biting midges and possibly mosquitos. Antelopes and possibly cattle are symptomless carriers. The incidence of the disease is higher in wet, low lying areas. Morbidity is 50% and mortality can be 90%.

Symptoms

Fever, reddening of the nostrils and mouth, frothy saliva, nasal discharge which turns bloody. Eventually the lips, ears, jaw and mouth swell. The tongue swells and turns purple and becomes ulcerated. Secondary bacterial infections are common. Respiration becomes laboured, the animal goes down and cannot eat. The feet become infected, the animal has wry neck and may vomit. Death occurs after 6 days. Most animals die. The few that survive take many months to recover and will probably never be economically viable.

Treatment

There is no treatment against the blue tongue virus, but antibiotics will treat secondary bacterial infections.

Control

•    Don’t graze sheep in wet low-lying areas where the midge is present.
•    If possible, keep sheep separate from cattle and wild game.
•    Vaccination – 2 weeks after weaning, 3 weeks before breeding and then annually.
Ref:    http://www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk/bluetongue/BT_clinical.pdf    Diseases and Parasites of Livestock in the Tropics. H.T.B. Hall

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Sheep & Goats

Correct Methods of Drenching – Sheep and Goats

Drenching – giving a medicine or liquid preparation by mouth into the stomach of an animal.

Most worm remedies (anthelmintics) are administered by drenching (dosing), as are preparations such as bloat treatments, treatment for diarrhoea and constipation and other medicines.
Incorrect drenching can cause inhalation pneumonia, which is difficult to treat and can prove fatal.
It is essential that the farmer always follows manufacturers’ directions when administering any treatment by mouth.
Always use the correct dose for the age and size of the animal.
If an animal is weak or undernourished smaller doses should be used.
Animals naturally struggle when being drenched or dosed.
This may cause the operator to hurry the procedure, resulting in choking of the animal.
Often the animal’s head is held so high so that it cannot swallow properly.
Liquids should be given slowly, allowing the animal time to swallow.
The head should be held firmly but not so high as to impede swallowing.
If the animal being treated begins to choke or cough; the procedure must be stopped and the head released.
Wait a few minutes for the animal to recover before continuing.
Sheep and goats can be drenched with a bottle, a spoon, a dosing gun or a stomach tube.
The stomach tube is most commonly used to get milk or colostrum into the gut of weak lambs who are unable to suckle.
The stomach tube used for sheep and lambs is softer, shorter and has a smaller diameter than that used for horses or cattle.
To pass the stomach tube, first measure the tube on the outside of the lamb so you can see how far to insert it.
Lay the tube along the lamb from the tip of its nose, along the neck and side, so the tip lies at the last rib.
Mark the tube at the nose and this will show the length to insert.
Hold the lamb between your legs to restrain it, but let it stand on the floor.
Open mouth slightly with your fingers and begin inserting tube over tongue and back into mouth and throat.
The lamb will resist a little at this but usually not too severely.
As the end of the tube gets into the neck region, watch along the left side of the neck and you can probably see the tube moving on down the oesophagus.
Don’t force the tube.
If it is obstructed and won’t push on easily, withdraw it slightly and try again.
If the lamb begins trying to cough, the tube may be in the trachea (windpipe) and must be withdrawn so the tip is back in the mouth and then try again.
If the tube is in so the mark is now at the tip of the nose, it should be into the stomach.
Attach the syringe with colostrum or milk to the tube and infuse it through the tube.

REF: Handbook of Stock Diseases; Monnig and Veldman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep_drenching.JPGhttp://www.tvsp.org…

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